The Lightning Surge Arrester discharges surge currents to the ground to safeguard an electrical system from overvoltage damage due to lightning strikes. It employs a gas discharge tube (GDT) that directs the device to a conductive state when voltage fluctuations occur to protect other critical components. There are three types: protection of high voltage power systems protection; low voltage distribution system protection; and protection of terminals and electronic equipment.
Lightning surge protector
The lightning surge protector also commonly referred to as the lightning arrester is a device applied for protecting the power systems and the electrical equipment from the harm posed by a lightning strike in addition to other overvoltage situations. It promptly redistributes current generated by the discharges to the ground, restricting lightning from penetrating equipment as well as maintaining power system stability without destroying it due to overvoltage.
Working Principle
- Gas Discharge Tube (GDT): When the system experiences overvoltage, the Gas Discharge Tube rapidly conducts, discharging the excess voltage through the grounding circuit to the ground.
- Conductor Principle: Conductors handle classical lightning currents by channeling the current to the ground, protecting equipment and systems from overvoltage.
- Structural Design: Surge protectors typically consist of a Gas Discharge Tube (GDT), conductors, and grounding wires.

Classification
- Category 1: Designed to safeguard high-voltage equipment in power systems, such as generators and transformers.
- Category 2: Used in low-voltage distribution networks to protect power distribution equipment, including low-voltage switchgear and power cables.
- Category 3: Protects terminal devices and other electronics that cannot function without terminal protection, such as computers and communication devices.

Installation and Maintenance
The surge protectors should be installed at the in and out positions of the equipment or system to protect against lightning. Such positioning allows for damage that occurs due to overvoltage to be well mitigated and minimizes the effects of a lightning strike or electrical surge on the equipment. Proper placement of the components is especially important in this case.
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